Also known as: Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī, Alfarabius, Alpharabius, Avennasar, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ṭarkhān ibn Awzalagh al-Fārābī, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ṭarkhān ibn Uzalagh al-Fārābī al-Fārābī (born c. 878, Turkistan—died c. 950, Damascus?) was a Muslim philosopher, one of the preeminent thinkers of medieval Islam. He was regarded in the medieval Islamic world as the […]
Fakhr ad-Dīn ar-Rāzī (born 1149, Rayy, Iran—died 1209, near Herāt, Khwārezm) was a Muslim theologian and scholar, author of one of the most authoritative commentaries on the Qurʾān in the history of Islām. His aggressiveness and vengefulness created many enemies and involved him in numerous intrigues. His intellectual brilliance, however, was universally acclaimed and attested
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Averroës (born 1126, Córdoba [Spain]—died 1198, Marrakech, Almohad empire [now in Morocco]) was an influential Islamic religious philosopher who integrated Islamic traditions with ancient Greek thought. At the request of the Almohad caliph Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf, he produced a series of summaries and commentaries on most of Aristotle’s works (1169–95) and on Plato’s Republic, which
Also known as: Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā ibn al-Sāyigh al-Tujībī al-Andalusī al-Saraqustī, Ibn Bājjah Avempace (born c. 1095, Zaragoza, Spain—died 1138/39, Fès, Morocco) was the earliest known representative in Spain of the Arabic Aristotelian–Neoplatonic philosophical tradition (see Arabic philosophy) and forerunner of the polymath scholar Ibn Ṭufayl and of the philosopher Averroës. Avempace’s chief
Mary Whiton Calkins (born March 30, 1863, Hartford, Conn., U.S.—died Feb. 26, 1930, Newton, Mass.) was a philosopher, psychologist, and educator, and the first American woman to attain distinction in these fields of study. Calkins grew up mainly in Buffalo, New York, and moved with her family to Newton, Massachusetts, in 1880. She graduated from
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