philopeople

Alexius Meinong (born July 17, 1853, Lemberg, Galicia, Austrian Empire [now Lviv, Ukraine]—died Nov. 27, 1920, Graz, Austria) was an Austrian philosopher and psychologist remembered for his contributions to axiology, or theory of values, and for his Gegenstandstheorie, or theory of objects. After studying under the philosophical psychologist Franz Brentano from 1875 to 1878 in […]

Ernst Mach (born February 18, 1838, Chirlitz-Turas, Moravia, Austrian Empire [now Brno-Chrlice, Czech Republic]—died February 19, 1916, Haar, Germany) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher who established important principles of optics, mechanics, and wave dynamics and who supported the view that all knowledge is a conceptual organization of the data of sensory experience (or observation).

Theodor Gomperz (born March 29, 1832, Brünn, Moravia—died Aug. 29, 1912, Baden bei Wien, Austria) was a philosopher and classical scholar, remembered chiefly for his Griechische Denker: eine Geschichte der antiken Philosophie, 2 vol. (1893–1902; Greek Thinkers: A History of Ancient Philosophy, 4 vol., 1901–12). He was professor of classical philology at Vienna (1873–1901) and

Also known as: Yaʿqūb ibn Isḥāq aṣ-Ṣabāḥ al-Kindī al-Kindī (died c. 870) was the first outstanding Islamic philosopher, known as “the philosopher of the Arabs.” Al-Kindī was born of noble Arabic descent and flourished in Iraq under the Abbasid caliphs al-Maʾmūn (813–833) and al-Muʿtaṣim (833–842). He concerned himself not only with those philosophical questions that

Also known as: Al-Sheikh al-Akbar, Muḥyī al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn al-ʿArabī al-Ḥātimī aṭ-Ṭāʾī Ibn al-ʿArabī, ash-Shaykh al-Akbar Ibn al-ʿArabī (born July 28, 1165, Murcia, Valencia—died November 16, 1240, Damascus) was a celebrated Muslim mystic-philosopher who gave the esoteric, mystical dimension of Islamic thought its first full-fledged philosophic expression. His

Also known as: Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī, Alfarabius, Alpharabius, Avennasar, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ṭarkhān ibn Awzalagh al-Fārābī, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ṭarkhān ibn Uzalagh al-Fārābī al-Fārābī (born c. 878, Turkistan—died c. 950, Damascus?) was a Muslim philosopher, one of the preeminent thinkers of medieval Islam. He was regarded in the medieval Islamic world as the

Fakhr ad-Dīn ar-Rāzī (born 1149, Rayy, Iran—died 1209, near Herāt, Khwārezm) was a Muslim theologian and scholar, author of one of the most authoritative commentaries on the Qurʾān in the history of Islām. His aggressiveness and vengefulness created many enemies and involved him in numerous intrigues. His intellectual brilliance, however, was universally acclaimed and attested

Averroës (born 1126, Córdoba [Spain]—died 1198, Marrakech, Almohad empire [now in Morocco]) was an influential Islamic religious philosopher who integrated Islamic traditions with ancient Greek thought. At the request of the Almohad caliph Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf, he produced a series of summaries and commentaries on most of Aristotle’s works (1169–95) and on Plato’s Republic, which

Also known as: Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā ibn al-Sāyigh al-Tujībī al-Andalusī al-Saraqustī, Ibn Bājjah Avempace (born c. 1095, Zaragoza, Spain—died 1138/39, Fès, Morocco) was the earliest known representative in Spain of the Arabic Aristotelian–Neoplatonic philosophical tradition (see Arabic philosophy) and forerunner of the polymath scholar Ibn Ṭufayl and of the philosopher Averroës. Avempace’s chief

Mary Whiton Calkins (born March 30, 1863, Hartford, Conn., U.S.—died Feb. 26, 1930, Newton, Mass.) was a philosopher, psychologist, and educator, and the first American woman to attain distinction in these fields of study. Calkins grew up mainly in Buffalo, New York, and moved with her family to Newton, Massachusetts, in 1880. She graduated from